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Python Introduction
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There once was man named Guido

















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Biology Dept, Duke University
Hunter Matthews
thm@duke.edu

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This page accidentally left blank.




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What is Python?
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	Scripting language (as opposed to compiled, like C)

	Object Oriented or Procedural

	Very High Level

	Mature (created in 1989/1990)

	Orthogonally designed - IE, languague/syntax designed all at once

	Based on an earlier teaching language (ABC)


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Its a cliche by now...
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 #! /usr/bin/python
 print "Hello World."

 Another:
 #! /usr/bin/python
 import string
 import sys

 pass = open("/etc/passwd")
 for line in pass.readlines()
     list = string.split(line, ":")
     print list[0], "has %s as their shell" % list[6]

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Common Uses
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	Anything a scripting language would be good for...

	CGI/Web programming (ZOPE, XMLrpc)

	Systems Administration (most redhat tools, up2date)

	Large Applications (google, AT&T backbone monitoring, Yahoo)

	Large amount of number crunching code (Numerical Python/Biopython)

	No one has written a filesystem yet....

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What's different about Python 
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	Controversial use of indentation for statement grouping. (See next \
slide)
		Guido has stated specifically that this reduces programmer freedom \
in formatting, leading (he claims) to more readable code.

	Emphasis of readability and maintainability are priorities.

	Batteries Included - Perl has more add-ons, python has more included \
in the base.

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Detailed Indentation Example
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class foo(object):
    def __init__(self, x=1):
        object.__init__(self)
        self.x = x

    def method1(self, bar):
        if bar == "x":
            print "got an x"
        else:
            print "didn't get no x"

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Basics
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	strings, numbers, objects are just names:
		foo = "This is a string"
		x = 55
		file = open("/etc/passwd")

    for x in list_of_stuff:
        print x

	Wasn't sure what to put here - ask questions


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Composite Types
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	Lists: [], ["foo", "bar", 55]

	Tuples: (), ("bar", "qux", 108]

	Dictionaries/Hashes: {}, {"key": 55, "2ndkey": 100}

	Easy Composition:

	foo = {"key": (a, b, c), "bkey": [1, 2, 3, [1, 2]]}

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Python programs are built up from modules.
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	import sys              
		Grabs all the (public) parts of the sys module, and makes them \
		available as sys.exit() or sys.argv[]

	from sys import *
		Allows developer to simply call exit(), but this is probably \
        less common than the other style.
        
	Nothing required for user creation of a module - the file name \
    with the ".py" removed, if any.

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Modules continued
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	Modules can contain classes, functions, or both.

	Packages are collections of modules
		Create a dir, add __init__.py, and poof, its a package.

	Python does not have any kind of "private", "protected" keywords, \
    but anything begining with "_" is not imported.


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I claim complex data structures in python are easier
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 From Programming Perl, 2e, p271
 Print a hash of hashes:
 foreach $record (keys(%hash_of_hashs))  {
     print "record $record:\n";
     foreach $field (keys %{$hash_of_hashs{$record}})  {
         print "  $field = %hash_of_hashs{$record}{$field}\n";
     }
     print "\n";
 }
                                                                 
 Equivalent Python code:
 for record in hash_of_hashs.keys():
     print "record:", record
     for field in hash_of_hashs[record].keys():
         print "  %s = %s " % field, hash_of_hashes[record][field]
     print    

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Which doesn't stop the module writers..
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	Database modules (mysql, postgres, sqlite, Oracle)

	GUI modules (pyGTK, pyGnome, pyqt, wx, tk)

	Network (twisted framework, SOAP)

	XML (all 3 and 4 letter acronyms are now XML modules)

	Crypto, LDAP, file formats, Optik

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Performance Improvements
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	Psycho -- The Python Specializing Compiler (JIT comes to python)
		There's also pyrex, but I don't like it as much

	Extending -- Performance critical parts of your program can be \
written in C. 

	Mod_python -- python and apache to crush your network

	IDLE and pdb -- Improves programmer performance


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Changes in python 2 and 2.2
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	new object model

	iterators and generators

	completions

	changes in division, int/long unification

	Unicode 

	All of which can be safely ignored.

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Strange python genera
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	Python on VMS (vax), MVS/VM, and windows CE

	Python for your pilot

	Python compatibility for java - Jython

	Stackless python (may not be current)

	You can embed python in your program

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Hunter's python bookshelf
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	THE python book - New Riders "Python Essential Reference" 

	Python documentation from the web site is actually VERY good.
		Download to laptop and take it with you.

	The only decent O'Reilly book is the pocket reference. 
		Wake up Tim, New Riders is eating your lunch.

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Resources 
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	The home page of all things pythonic
		http://www.python.org

	Python Quick Reference - everything you need, on one page.
		http://www.brunningonline.net/simon/python/PQR.html

	David Beazley's Python Slides
		http://innerpeace.org/pythonguide.htm

	Tons of Python apps, modules for python, etc
		http://www.freshmeat.net

	Python.faqts
		http://www.faqts.com/knowledge_base \
/index.phtml/fid/199/

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Resources 
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	Writing Python Extensions
		http://starship.python.net/crew/arcege \
/extwriting/pyext.html

	Starting out python
		http://www.uselesspython.com/index.html

	Python Blog
		http://www.deadlybloodyserious.com/Python

	Introduction to Numerical Python
		http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/python/2000 \
/05/03/numerically.html

	Psyco (JIT) 
		http://psyco.sourceforge.net

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Resources 
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	O'Reillys web site (I don't care for this one)
		http://www.onlamp.com/python/

	Biology and Python
		http://biopython.org/

	All the power of python with all the incompatibility of java.
		http://www.jython.org/

	Daily Python URL
		http://www.pythonware.com/daily/

	Python makes windows suck a little less
		http://www.python.org/download/ \
download_windows.html

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Resources 
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	Python and R (splus) together
		http://rpy.sourceforge.net/

	Python and GTK (and links to pygnome)
		http://www.daa.com.au/~james/pygtk/

	Online Python Journal
		http://pythonjournal.cognizor.com/

	Published (like, as in paper) Python Journal
		http://www.pyzine.com/

	Python Book Reviews -- Bad HTML, great content
		http://www.awaretek.com/book.html


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Development is a state of mind.
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